Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

Expressing satisfaction is an expression for a feeling of happiness or pleasure   because you have achieved something or   got what you wanted.

Dissatisfaction expression is a feeling    we express when we do not get as   enough as we hope and feel disappointed   with some conditions, we must be   dissatisfied.

Example of informal expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction

Satisfaction :

•Super!

•Great!

•Terrific!

•Fantastic!

•Smashing!

•Perfect

Dissatisfaction :

•Horrible!

•Very sad!

•Annoying!

•Disappointing!

•Frustrating!

•How bad!

Example Expressing Satisfaction

-It is with great pleasure that…!

-It gives me great satisfaction..

-I’m very pleased with it

-A most delightful example of..

-What a beautiful story!

-Great, love it.

-I’m content with.

Example Expressing Dissatisfaction

-It is disappointing that.!

-It is unacceptable

-This is the limit I won’t take any more of…

-Well, this is most unsatisfactory.

-The concert is so boring.

-What an awful meeting

-It’s not as good as I thought.

Formula of formal satisfaction expression

1. … to be + very pleased with …

2. … to be + content with …

3. … to be + satisfied with …

4. … to be + very delighted …

Example :

1.I am very pleased with his attitude

2.She is satisfied with the result

3.I am very delighted with the taste of this soup

Formula of formal dissatisfaction expression

•1. … to be + displeased with …

•2. … to be + discontented with …

•3. … to be + dissatisfied with …

•4. … to be + disappointed with …

•5. … To be + not satisfied with…

Example :

1. I am displeased with his attitude

2. I am discontented with the room service

3. I am disappointed with the concert

Expressing Satisfaction Dialogue

•Robert  : How do you feel about this food?

•Terry     : Wow….. I am very satisfied. It’s very       delicious. Great!

•Robert   : Yes, I think so. Would you have anymore?

•Terry     : Yes, of course.

•Robert   : I will take some for my younger sister. She’ll be very happy.

•Terry     : Yeah and I will take for my mom at home.

•Robert   :  OK. Let’s go home. I never feel satisfied  before.

•Terry     : So am I.

Expressing Dissatisfaction Dialogue

•Paul       : Have you read today’s newspaper?

•James   : Not yet. Is it interesting?

•Paul      : Yes, the apology from the company. Take a look. The paper is over there.

•James   : (Picking up the newspaper and starting to  read it) Is that all?

•Paul      : Yes.

•James   : This is not enough. I’m not satisfied yet. The size of the ads should have been half  of the page. Besides, the company only apologized but they didn’t mention what they would do.

Public service announcement Definition of PSA (Public Service Announcement)

A public service announcement is an advertisement that a television or radio station airs for a cause or a charity. Public service announcements are not paid advertising or a free “commercial” for a non-profit organization. A broadcaster donates the ad time as part of its commitment to serve the public interest. PSA aired voluntary by individual radio and/or TV stations.

The goal of a PSA is simple : to get someone to take a specific action. It’s not to talk about the sponsoring organization. It’s motivate the targeted audience to act, example, to drop off canned goods for the food drive, to stop smoking, and to avoid drug abuse.

Basic guidelines for PSA format:

Most stations prefer 30-second spots. If you're writing a television PSA, you'll want to keep the announcer's copy 2 or 3 seconds shorter than the entire length of the PSA. Television stations run on a much tighter, more rigid schedule than radio stations, and you may find that if your PSA runs exactly 30 seconds, for example, the station may sometimes cut off the end.

Length of PSA	10 seconds	15 seconds	20 seconds	30 seconds
Number of Words	20-25 words	30-35 words	40-50 words	60-75 words

The steps how to make PSA

•         Target your audience. This will help you focus in both your desired media outlets, and also upon your PSA content.

•         Survey your media outlets to best reach that audience. That means that you need to know what media outlets are available in your particular geographic area.

•         Prioritize your media outlets. That is you need to know which outlets your target audience is most likely to prefer. For example, is your audience more likely to tune in to the 24-hour country music station than to the one that plays mostly golden oldies? If so, then you point toward the country music outlet.

Key points to remember about the writing PSA

•         The language should be simple and vivid. Take your time and make every word count. Make your message crystal clear.

•         The content of the writing should have the right hooks, words or phrases that grab attention to attract your audience. Then, you need to know who your audience is.

•         The PSA should usually request a specific action, such as calling a specific number to get more information. You ordinarily want listeners to do something as a result of having heard the PSA.

Examples

10 Second PSA 

WE COME FROM ALL WALKS OF LIFE, BUT WE TRAVEL DOWN THE SAME ROAD. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

15 Second PSA

DID YOU KNOW THAT 75% OF MULTIPLE VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON? DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC, LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

20 Second PSA

APPROXIMATELY 75% OF THE MULTI-VEHICLE ACCIDENTS INVOLVING MOTORCYCLES WERE THE FAULT OF THE OTHER PERSON. MOST OF THOSE DRIVERS SAID THEY DID NOT SEE THE MOTORCYCLE. DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

30 Second PSA: 

DO YOU KNOW SOMEONE WHO RIDES A MOTORCYCLE? CHANCES ARE GOOD THAT YOU SEE MOTORCYCLE RIDERS WHEN YOU ARE BEHIND THE WHEEL. FOR THE REST OF YOU, YOUR CHANCES OF BEING THE PERSON WHO HITS A MOTORCYCLE RIDER JUST WENT UP 300%. THAT'S RIGHT, YOU ARE 3 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO HIT SOMEONE RIDING A MOTORCYCLE JUST BECAUSE YOU DON'T HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH SOMEONE WHO RIDES THEM. DON'T BE PART OF THAT DEADLY STATISTIC. LOOK FOR MOTORCYCLES & SHARE THE ROAD. THIS MESSAGE BROUGHT TO YOU BY ABATE of ARKANSAS

Diposkan oleh zikrinasekar di 16:13

Report Text

Definition of report text
Report text is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis.

Generic Structure of Report text
1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing;

    animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general
2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per

    part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

Language Features of Report
• Introducing group or general aspect
• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc
• Using simple present tense

Social purposes :

Its social purpose is presenting information about something. They generally describe an entire class of things, whether natural or made: mammals, the planets, rocks, plants, countries of region, culture, transportation, and so on. 

The common grammatical features of a report include :

§                  Use of general nouns, eg hunting dogs, rather than particular  

       nouns, eg our dog;

§                  Use of relating verbs to describe features, eg Molecules are tiny

       particles;

§                  Some use of action verbs when describing behaviour, eg Emus

       cannot fly;

§                  Use of timeless present tense to indicate usualness, eg Tropical

       cyclones always begin over the sea;

§                  Use of technical terms, eg Isobars are lines drawn on a weather

       map;

§                  Use of paragraphs with topic sentences to organise bundles of

       information; repeated naming of the topic as the beginning

       focus of the clause.

 The Red Bird Of Paradise

An Indonesian endemic, the Red Bird of Paradise is distributed to lowland rainforests of Waigeo and Batanta islands of West Papua. This species shares its home with another bird of paradise, the Wilson's Bird of Paradise. Hybridisation between these two species are expected but not recorded yet.

            The Red Bird of Paradise, Paradisaea rubra is a large, up to 33cm long, brown and yellow bird of paradise with a dark brown iris, grey legs and yellow bill. The male has an emerald green face, a pair of elongated black corkscrew-shaped tail wires, dark green feather pompoms above each eye and a train of glossy crimson red plumes with whitish tips at either side of the breast.

            The male measures up to 72 cm long, including the ornamental red plumes that require at least six years to fully attain. The female resembles the male but is smaller in size, with a dark brown face and has no ornamental red plumes. The diet consists mainly of fruits, berries and arthropods.

Noun Clause

Noun Clause adalah Clause yang digunakan sebagai pengganti noun atau berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Selain Noun Clause ini, sebenarnya masih ada clause lainnya seperti Adverb Clause dan Adjective Clause. Untuk mendalami penjelasan mengenai Noun Clause, silahkan perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:
1. Statement (pernyataan)
2. Question (pertanyaan)
3. Request (permintaan)
4. Exclamation (seruan).
Penjelasan:

1. Statement

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat
• Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
• That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)
2) Subjek Kalimat setelah "It"
• It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia
3) Objek Pelengkap
• My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia
4) Objek Kata Kerja
• All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia
5) Apositif
• My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.
2. Question

A. Yes/No Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "whether (or not/or if)"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat
• Can she drive the car? (Question)
• Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Pelengkap
• My question is whether she can drive the car.
3) Objek Kata Kerja
• I really wonder whether she can drive the car (or not).
4) Objek Kata Depan
• We discussed about whether she can drive the car.
B. Wh- Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat
• What is he doing? (Question)
• What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Pelengkap
• My question is what she is doing.
3) Objek Kata Kerja
• I really wonder what she is doing.
4) Objek Kata Depan
• We discussed about what she is doing.
Catatan:

Posisi kembali normal, tidak seperti posisi sebuah pertanyaan normal.

3. Request

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja
• Read the book! (Request)
• He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)
Catatan:

Tanda seru hilang.

4. Exclamation

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja
• What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
• I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Kata Depan
• We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.
Catatan Tambahan:
• Noun Clause dengan "that" digunakan sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat hanya dengan kata kerja tertentu. Dan kata kerja (verb) yang penting adalah linking verb, khususnya BE.
• Noun Clause dengan "that" sering menjadi objek dari verb (kata kerja), beberapa verb berikut ini biasanya mempunyai subjek yang me�nunjukkan manusia. Kata-kata tersebut terutama sekali adalah verb yang digunakan dalam Indirect Speech Berta verb yang menyatakan kegiatan mental.
Kata Kerja Kalimat Tak Langsung

Admit, agree, allege, announce, argue, assert, assure, declare, aver, boast, claim, complain, confess, convince, deny, disagree, explain, foretell, hint, inform, insist, maintain, notify, persuade, pray, predict, proclaim, promise, relate, remark, remind, report, say, state, swear, teach, tell, threaten, warn

Kata Kerja Aktivitas Mental

Ascertain, assume, believe, calculate, care (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), conceive, conclude, consider, convince, decide, discover, doubt, dream, expect, fancy, feel, find out, forget, grant, guess, hear, hold (pendapat), hope, imagine, indicate, know, judge, learn, mean, mind (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), notice, perceive, presume, pretend, prove, question, realize, recall, reckon, recollect, reflect, regret, rejoice, remember, reveal, see, show, suppose, surmise, think, trust, understand, wish

Contoh:
1. Alex thinks that Mary is ill.
2. Bob told me that he had finished breakfast.
3. Henry says that Jack is very busy.
4. He insists that there is a mistake.
5. He complained to his friend that his wife couldn't cook.
• Dalam percakapan yang tidak resmi (informal) "that" sering dihilangkan dari objek Clause jika artinya (maksudnya) sudah jelas dapat dimengerti tanpa adanya "that".
Contoh:
1. I am sorry (that) I couldn't meet you at the station.
2. He says (that) they plan to come to the dance.
3. We thought (that) you had already left for abroad.
4. The reason we returned so early is, (that) one of the children got sick.
• Noun Clause dari question (pertanyaan) yang terletak sesudah verb yang memerlukan 2 objek mungkin berfungsi sebagai salah satu atau kedua objek dari verb tersebut.
Contoh:
1. Give the man (Indirect Object) what is in this envelope (Direct Object)
2. Give what is in the envelope to the man.
• Noun Clause dari pertanyaan mungkin diawali dengan kata-kata tanya yang berfungsi sebagai: Pronouns, Adjectives, atau Adverbs. Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah: Pronoun = who (ever), what (ever(, which. (ever), Adjective = whose, what (ever), which (ever), Adverb = how (ever), when (ever), where (ever), why.
Contoh:
1. We don't know who will be coming from the employment agency. (who adalah subjek dari will be coming)
2. We don't know whom the employment agency will send. (whom adalah objek dari will send)
3. We will ask whoever comes from the employment agency. (whoever adalah subjek dari comes)
4. We will ask whomever the employment agency sends. (whomever adalah objek dari sends)
• Dalam Noun Clause dari pertanyaan, subjek dan verb mempunyai susunan yang umum, yakni terletak sesudah introductory word.
• Noun Clause dari permintaan dimulai dengan that- Clause ini paling sering merupakan objek dari verb yang menyatakan permintaan, saran, atau keinginan dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
1. He is requesting that a company car be placed at his disposal.
2. The doctor recommended that he take a vacation.
3. It was suggested that she leave immediately.
4. It was proposed that the meeting be adjourned.
• Kadang-kadang "that" yang merupakan kata permulaan Clause dapat digantikan dengan susunan infinitive setelah kata-kata kerja yang menunjukkan permintaan seperti advise, ask, beg, command, desire, forbid, order, request, require, argue.
• Subjek dari that-Clause sering dalam bentuk passive dari verbs of requesting dengan susunan anticipatory it.

TRANSITIONS : MOREOVER, FUTHERMORE, IN ADDITION, THEREFORE, CONSEQUENTLY

TRANSITIONS : MOREOVER, FUTHERMORE, IN ADDITION, THEREFORE, CONSEQUENTLY

Moreover, furthermore, and in addition mean also. Therefore and consequently mean as a result.

Examples:
1. Reka is clever and kind. Moreover, she is friendly. Many people like her.
2. The test was difficult. In addition, the time was also limited. Consequently, many students god bad marks.
3. It is raining hard. Furthermore, Ryan’s house is a long way from school. Therefore, he will wait until the rain stops.

-Moreover, use for augmentation.

-Consequently, use for result, conclusion, summary.

-In addition, use for augmentation.

-Furthermore, use for augmentation.

-Therefore, use for conclusion, summary.

Moreover
You can use "moreover" to replace "and "in addition". It normally begins the second independent clause in a sentence, following a semicolon.Moreover is a transition, so you use it to make something follow another.
 
Here’s an example with correct punctuation :

• The hairdresser had dyed his hair the wrong color. Moreover, the hair turned green when she tried to correct the error.

Furthermore 
You use furthermore to add more information to what was already said or written. Furthermore is transitions  part of the Academic Word List and almost always used at the beginning of a sentence.

Example:

• We believe that the project is possible. Furthermore, we believe that we can do it within a few months.

In addition
In addition, additionally or also, joins two sentences (independent clauses.)  The word introduces additional information.  These words are often called transition words or conjunctive adverbs.  (Also tends to be less formal than in addition or additionally).

Examples:

• Anne and Alex act and sing. In addition, they dance.
• She must dance gracefully. In addition, she must dance precisely.

Therefore
Therefore (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result, it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important).

Examples:

• Those people have their umbrellas up. Therefore, it must be raining.
• They heard the warning on the radio and Therefore took another route.

Consequently
"Consequently" is very similar to "so" and "therefore". Like "therefore" it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important). It usually appears in the middle of sentence, but it may also be used at the beginning of sentence. If you know what the word "consequence" means, you shouldn’t have any trouble with this.

Examples:

• Gas prices rose too high for Matt to afford. Consequently, he sold his car and made his daily commute by bike.
• Poachers have hunted and killed too many elephants for their tusks. Consequently, they have become an endangered species in some parts of the world.
• An adequate water supply is important to a farmer’s success. Consequently, irrigation is used in places where water is in short supply.

So, Too, Either, Neither

SO

SO is used to show agreement with positive statements.
SO + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)
The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement.
It is similar to using TOO at the end of a sentence.

Person A	Person B
I am happy.	So am I.	= I am happy too.
I'm going to Brazil in the summer.	So am I.	= I am going to Brazil too.
You look nice today.	So do you.	= you look nice too.
Stephanie has a new boyfriend.	So does Mary.	= Mary has a new one too.
We went to the concert last night.	So did I.	= I went to the concert too.
I would love a coffee right now.	So would I.	= I would love a coffee too.
He will win a prize.	So will I.	= I will win one too.
They have finished their homework.	So have I.	= I have finished too.
I can speak two languages.	So can I.	= I can speak two too.
He should study more.	So should I.	= I should study more too.
We could see the mountains.	So could we.	= We could see them too.
My brother had eaten too much.	So had I.	= I had eaten too much too.

NEITHER

Neither is used to show agreement with negative statements.
Neither + Auxiliary + Subject (pronoun)
The Auxiliary needs to agree with the verb tense in the original statement.
It is similar to using either at the end of a sentence, although Neither is more commonly used, especially in spoken English.
A: I don't understand Spanish.
B: Neither do I. (= I don't understand Spanish either.)
A: I cannot swim.
B: Neither can I. (= I can't swim either.)
Sometimes people respond Me Neither instead of Neither + Auxiliary + Subject though this is very informal spoken English.

Person A	Person B
I am not hungry.	Neither am I.	= I'm not hungry either
I'm not going to quit.	Neither am I.	= I'm not going to quit either
They don't speak French.	Neither do I.	= I don't speak French either.
Stephanie doesn't eat meat.	Neither does Mary.	= Mary doesn't eat meat either.
Mary didn't go to the party.	Neither did I.	= I didn't go either.
I wouldn't like to do his job.	Neither would I.	= I wouldn't like to do it either.
He won't stop talking.	Neither will you.	= You won't stop either.
You haven't finished your meal.	Neither have you.	= You haven't finished either.
Mike can't reach the top shelf.	Neither can I.	= I can't reach it either.
You shouldn't talk in the movie.	Neither should you.	= You shouldn't talk either.
We couldn't hear him.	Neither could we.	= We couldn't hear him either.
I hadn't seen her before.	Neither had I.	= I hadn't seen her before either.

Indefinite pronouns

 Indefinite pronouns

 

•They are words that replace nouns without specifying which noun they replace (remember- a noun is a person, place, or thing)

•Ex: another, everybody, everyone, everything, each, either, somebody, someone, something, both, few, many, all, most, none

Some pronouns are definite in that they replace a specific noun or another pronoun. But sometimes things aren’t so clear-cut. We don’t need to refer to anything or anyone definite. So what do we do for a pronoun? In those cases we use indefinite pronouns.

What are Indefinite Pronouns?

As the name suggests indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not definite in meaning. In other words they are not specific in which noun they replace. They may be singular or plural, and must match the verb in number.
There are two categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun. These pronouns are:

anybody	anyone
anything	everybody
everyone	everything
nobody	none
no one	nothing
somebody	someone
something

Example:

Anything is possible if you believe.

The second category of indefinite pronouns are those that point to a specific noun whose meaning is easily understood only because it was previously mentioned or because the words that follow the indefinite pronoun make it clear. These pronouns are:

all	another
any	both
each	either
few	many
neither	one
some	several

Examples:

Many are planning to attend the party. (In this case the identity of the group that is going to the party would have already been mentioned.)
Would you like to try some of these cookies? (The word cookies makes it clear what some is referring to.)

Not to confuse you but keep in mind the pronouns in this group can function as adjectives if nouns directly follow them.
More Examples:

Many classmates are planning to attend the party.
I checked out some books from the library.

Singular and Plural Indefinite Pronouns
As mentioned previously indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural and the verb has to match in number. Below is the list of singular indefinite pronouns.

Another	Anybody
Anyone	Anything
Each	Either
Everybody	Everyone
Everything	Neither
Nobody	No one
Nothing	One
Somebody	Something
Someone

Examples:

There are three groups of participants, and each has its own requirements.
Someone special is about to arrive.

The following are plural indefinite pronouns:
Both
Few
Many
Several
Examples:

Few of the projects were good enough to go to the science fair.
Several of the documents were filled with errors.

Some indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural. It all depends on the noun it stands for. These pronouns include all, any, either, none, some, more, most. The rule states that when these pronouns are followed by a prepositional phrase, the pronoun must agree in number with the object of the preposition. The verb in the sentence must agree in number with the antecedent. Sound confusing? Here are two examples:

Most of the work is finished.
Most of the books are out of date.

In this case work requires a singular verb and books requires a plural verb.

Examples of Indefinite Pronouns

Would you like to see more examples? Here you go:

Does anybody have the time?
All are welcome to our house for Thanksgiving.
Tim doesn’t have any.
Michael passed his card to another.
Each brought a dessert to share.
Anyone can see what’s going on here.
Alice couldn’t hear anything at the concert.
Everything is going as planned
Everyone clapped when the movie ended.
Many missed the bus.
No one admitted to knocking over the base.
One could see the tornado forming from miles away.
Several turned out for the concert.
Somebody rang the doorbell.
Holly gave her ticket to someone.

Expression of PAin, Relief and Pleasure

Expression of PAin, Relief and Pleasure

Have you ever felt sad because of pain?or we can say have you ever felt happy because of pleasure?and feeling relief after doing something that you do hope you have completed it. today, the discussion is about expression of relief, pain and pleasure. so many expression found in daily used. we sometime never realize whether the expressions are polite or not but the most important thing we express the feeling on different way . imagine for example : what do you say if you have a serious headache? or How do you feel when your close friend gives you a bunch of flowers?or how do you feel if you pass the entrance test at your favorite university? here some expressions that we used to say it , you can respond the question by choosing this following expression:

Expressions of Pain

• I am suffering from a relapse.

• I have toothache.

• I feel sick./I feel ill.

• I’m sick.

• Ouch!

Expressions of Pleasure

• It is really delightful./I am delighted.

• It’s really a great pleasure.

• I am pleased.

• That’s great.

• That’s wonderful.

Expressions of Relief

• It’s a relief to know that ....

• Thank God for ....

• I’m glad it was done.

• Thank goodness!

For Practice :

Complete the following dialogue using expressions

provided in the box and act it out.

a. By all means

b. I am glad it was done

c. Don't mention it

d. We are excited

e. I had a gastric problem

f. I am happy you made a quick recovery

g. It's a relief to hear that

h. That's wonderful

i. I am suffering from a relapse

j. That's great

POSTER

 

Definition of poster

A poster is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information it contains. It is usually displayed in a public place. It is often decorated with designs or illustrations. Posters are used to convey messages in a visual format.

          Posters are used for a variety of purposes, and as such fall into types or classifications that make it easier to create a poster because each type has its own particular features.

Here are some ways to use posters in a literacy program:

•         To advertise events or products

•         To display information or instructions

•         To teach some kinds of information

Kinds of poster

•         Advertising

     Advertising posters are everywhere and are used to announce an event or a new product, according to the Free Library website. They are usually full-color and placed in high traffic areas, where they can be readily seen.

          •         Subject

          Subject posters are about something. They are sold at concerts or at art functions typically. The portrait of a musician or an art exhibit are often the subjects of these posters, hence the name.

•         Affirmation

          Affirmation posters feature inspiring or motivational sayings. They can feature Bible verses or beautiful pictures, plus some sort of affirming slogan to keep people motivated, cheered up or comforted.

•         Propaganda

          Propaganda posters often receive negative press because they are very often associated with political campaigns or corporate communication. They often feature logos and portray the values or philosophy of a company or political candidate.

Enalytical exposition

What is it?

An analytical exposition is a sort text which is meant to persuade the readers or listeners that something is the case or important. In persuading the readers or listeners, some supporting ideas or arguments on why the writer’s opinion is important, are presented. Since analytical exposition is popular among scientists, academic community and educated people then you can find this type of text in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc.

You certainly know that both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are grouped as argumentative essay. Both present argument to support the thesis. But actually you can see the difference by seeing the generic structure. Analytical exposition ends with paragraph to strengthen the thesis or reiteration while hortatory makes a recommendation for the readers.

Social Function

The social function of analytical exposition text is to persuade the readers or listeners that something is the case or important.

Generic Structure

Thesis

It states the writer’s point of view about the topic being discussed.

Arguments

It consists of point and elaboration. The arguments to support the thesis are developed here. Arguments are actually the core an analytical exposition. Their absence will just talk nothing, as a thesis must be evaluated.

Reiteration

In this part the writer restates the thesis, just like a conclusive paragraph from the previous statement.

Language Features

• Using mental processes to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something e.g.: realize, feel etc.

• Using Simple Present Tense e.g. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking.

• Using enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments e.g.: firstly, secondly, finally, etc.

• Using evaluative language is important to persuade people to agree with the writer’s opinion e.g. valuable, important, better, worst, true, important, clear, believe, obvious etc.

• Using emotive words e.g.: worried, alarmed etc.

• Using causal conjunction e.g.: because, therefore, consequently, etc.

• Using modal verb e.g. We must preserve, etc.

• Using passive voice e.g. Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking.

The Example :
 
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Gerund

Gerund

Definition :

A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Examples:

Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence

Her favorite hobby is reading. complement of sentence

I enjoy reading. object of sentence

Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not."
Examples:

·       He enjoys not working.

·       The best thing for your health is not smoking.

Besides preceding infinitive verbs (such as to go, to buy), to can also stand as a preposition. However, it must be followed by a noun or verb-ing.

Examples :

¨      I look forward to hearing from you.

¨      I prefer swimming to walking.

¨      I am used to waiting for busses.

¨      I object to working on Sundays.

Dalam kalimat bahasa Inggris, gerunds mempunyai peran sebagai:

1. Gerunds as subject
2. Gerunds as object
3. Gerunds as subjective complement
4. Gerunds as object of preposition
5. Gerunds after word “NO”
6. Gerunds after possessive adjective
7. Gerunds after certain verbs
8. Gerunds as appositive

Gerunds as subject

Berikut ini contoh-contoh gerunds yang berfungsi sebagai subject:

Reading is not my hobby.

Swimming is better than running.

Hiking can be very strenuous.

Gerunds as object

I like reading.

She goes swimming every morning.

Their favorite sport is running.

Gerunds as Subjective Complement

Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului tobe  yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:

Her favorite sport is swimming.

Gerunds as object of preposition

Gerund sebagai objek dari preposisi terletak setelah preposisi, misalnya; for, before, without, in, at, after, dll.

Contoh;

I will wash the dishes after eating.

You cannot be rich man without working.

 

Gerunds after “NO”

Dalam kalimat larangan, kita sering memakai kata “No” dan setelahnya biasanya diletakkan verb + ing yaitu gerunds. Contoh:

No Smoking!

No parking in this area!

Gerunds after possessive adjective

Gerunds juga sering kita jumpai setelah possessive adjective. Misalnya:

Thanks for your coming.

Gerunds after certain verbs

Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada beberapa kata kerja tertentu yang bila kita ingin memasukan kata kerja sesudah kata kerja tersebut, maka kata kerja setelahnya harusnya berbentuk gerund atau verb + ing.

Berikut ini daftar kata kerja-kata kerja tersebut beserta contoh kalimatnya:

Admit               :  He admitted cheating on the test.

Advise              :  The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.

Allow               :  Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.

Anticipate         :  I anticipated arriving late.

Appreciate       :  I appreciated her helping me.

Avoid               :  He avoided talking to her.

Begin                :  I began learning Chinese.

can't bear         :  He can't bear having so much responsibility.

can't help          :  He can't help talking so loudly.

can't see           :  I can't see paying so much money for a car.

can't stand        : He can't stand her smoking in the office.

Cease               : The government ceased providing free healthcare.

Complete         :  He completed renovating the house.

Consider          ; She considered moving to New York.

Continue           : He continued talking.

Defend             : The lawyer defended her making such statements.

Delay               : He delayed doing his taxes.

Deny                : He denied committing the crime.

Despise            : She despises waking up early.

Discuss             : We discussed working at the company.

Dislike              : She dislikes working after 5 PM.

Mind                : I don't mind helping you.

Dread               : She dreads getting up at 5 AM.

Encourage        : He encourages eating healthy foods.

Enjoy               : We enjoy hiking.

Finish               : He finished doing his homework.

forget               : I forgot giving you my book.

hate                  : I hate cleaning the bathroom.

Imagine            : He imagines working there one day.

Involve             : The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.

Keep                : She kept interrupting me.

 Like                : She likes listening to music.

Love                : I love swimming.

Mention            : He mentioned going to that college.

Miss                 : She misses living near the beach.

neglect              : Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.

permit               : California does not permit smoking in restaurants.

Postpone          : He postponed returning to Paris.

Practice            : She practiced singing the song.

Prefer               : He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.

propose            : I proposed having lunch at the beach.

 quit                  : She quit worrying about the problem.

Recall               : Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.

Recollect          : She recollected living in Kenya.

Recommend     : Tony recommended taking the train.

regret               : She regretted saying that.

Remember        : I remember telling her the address yesterday.

Report              : He reported her stealing the money.

require              : The certificate requires completing two courses.

Resent              : Nick resented Debbie's being there.

Resist               : He resisted asking for help.

Risk                 : He risked being caught.

Start                 : He started studying harder.

Stop                 :  She stopped working at 5 o'clock.

Suggest            : They suggested staying at the hotel.

Tolerate            : I tolerated her talking.

Try                   : Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.

Understand       : I understand his quitting.

Urge                 :They urge recycling bottles and paper

Daftar kata kerja di atas beserta contohnya saya ambil dari: English Page

Gerunds as appositive

Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:

·  His method, shooting and killing, eventually came to an end.

·  She has a bad habit, gambling.

·  Her favorite exercise, swimming in the pool, makes her body strong.

·  That difficult work, sawing hard woo, makes him exhausted